A colaborat cu. [65][66] At first, all went well. Kesällä 2010 Alexander osti asunnon Oslosta, jossa nykyään asuu. Aelian writes of Alexander's visit to Troy where "Alexander garlanded the tomb of Achilles, and Hephaestion that of Patroclus, the latter hinting that he was a beloved of Alexander, in just the same way as Patroclus was of Achilles. In the area of architecture, a few examples of the Ionic order can be found as far as Pakistan with the Jandial temple near Taxila. [239], Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris. Following the conquests of Alexander the Great in the east, Hellenistic influence on Indian art was far-ranging. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. [151][152][153] In a 2014 manuscript in the journal Clinical Toxicology, Schep suggested Alexander's wine was spiked with Veratrum album, and that this would produce poisoning symptoms that match the course of events described in the Alexander Romance. The horse refused to be mounted, and Philip ordered it away. [86] He sent the bulk of his army to the Persian ceremonial capital of Persepolis via the Persian Royal Road. They went on to occupy the city of Elatea, only a few days' march from both Athens and Thebes. [188] Alexander personally led the charge in the center, routing the opposing army. When Alexander learned about this, he was furious. [57], News then reached Alexander that Cleitus, King of Illyria, and King Glaukias of the Taulantii were in open revolt against his authority. [86], From Babylon, Alexander went to Susa, one of the Achaemenid capitals, and captured its treasury. [89] During his stay a fire broke out in the eastern palace of Xerxes I and spread to the rest of the city. A considerable accession of power was granted him after the death of Philip, son of Machatas; and he was allowed to retain his authority at the death of Alexander himself (323 BC), as well as in the subsequent partition of the provinces at Triparadisus, 321 BC. Justin stated that Alexander was the victim of a poisoning conspiracy, Plutarch dismissed it as a fabrication,[146] while both Diodorus and Arrian noted that they mentioned it only for the sake of completeness. A döntőben 747 888 szavazattal győzött, jóval maga mögé utasítva Tone Damlit, aki 121 856 szavazatot kapott Butterflies című dalával. [81] Henceforth, Alexander often referred to Zeus-Ammon as his true father, and after his death, currency depicted him adorned with the Horns of Ammon as a symbol of his divinity. [21][24][25][26] This gave the Macedonian court a good knowledge of Persian issues, and may even have influenced some of the innovations in the management of the Macedonian state. [135] In an attempt to craft a lasting harmony between his Macedonian and Persian subjects, Alexander held a mass marriage of his senior officers to Persian and other noblewomen at Susa, but few of those marriages seem to have lasted much beyond a year. Unsuccessful plan to cut a canal through the isthmus, Naming of the Icarus island in the Persian Gulf, Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009), A History of Macedonia: Volume III: 336–167 B.C. [65][66], Taking over the invasion project of Philip II, Alexander's army crossed the Hellespont in 334 BC with approximately 48,100 soldiers, 6,100 cavalry and a fleet of 120 ships with crews numbering 38,000,[59] drawn from Macedon and various Greek city-states, mercenaries, and feudally raised soldiers from Thrace, Paionia, and Illyria. Mag. Writing shortly after Alexander's death, another participant, Onesicritus, invented a tryst between Alexander and Thalestris, queen of the mythical Amazons. [179], Diodorus stated that Alexander had given detailed written instructions to Craterus some time before his death, which are known as Alexander's "last plans". Juega de delantero y su actual equipo es el Guayaquil Sport Club de la Segunda Categoría de Ecuador. [238], The eastern borders of Alexander's empire began to collapse even during his lifetime. [280], The Syriac version of the Alexander Romance portrays him as an ideal Christian world conqueror who prayed to "the one true God". Concerned that other Greek states might intervene, Alexander made it look as though he was preparing to attack Illyria instead. [275] In Sunni Islamic Persia, under the influence of the Alexander Romance (in Persian: اسکندرنامه‎ Iskandarnamah), a more positive portrayal of Alexander emerges. [192] However, Ogden calculates that Alexander, who impregnated his partners thrice in eight years, had a higher matrimonial record than his father at the same age. Jereo koa. For those peculiarities which many of his successors and friends afterwards tried to imitate, namely, the poise of the neck, which was bent slightly to the left, and the melting glance of his eyes, this artist has accurately observed. [188], At Issus in 333 BC, his first confrontation with Darius, he used the same deployment, and again the central phalanx pushed through. www.mylife.com [45][46][47], Alexander began his reign by eliminating potential rivals to the throne. [75][76] The men of military age were massacred and the women and children sold into slavery. [242][243] An inscription from the temple, now housed in the British Museum, declares: "King Alexander dedicated [this temple] to Athena Polias. [169][170] However, more recently, it has been suggested that it may date from earlier than Abdalonymus' death. [245][246], Hellenization was coined by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to denote the spread of Greek language, culture, and population into the former Persian empire after Alexander's conquest. When the Thessalians awoke the next day, they found Alexander in their rear and promptly surrendered, adding their cavalry to Alexander's force. [41] However, it appears Philip never intended to disown his politically and militarily trained son. [126], As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. [247] Aspects of Hellenistic culture were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century.[252]. The advance was successful and broke Darius' center, causing the latter to flee once again. [273], Alexander features prominently in modern Greek folklore, more so than any other ancient figure. On entering Persepolis, Alexander allowed his troops to loot the city for several days. Facebook gives people the power to share … [42], In the following year, the Persian satrap (governor) of Caria, Pixodarus, offered his eldest daughter to Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus. [20], During his youth, Alexander was also acquainted with Persian exiles at the Macedonian court, who received the protection of Philip II for several years as they opposed Artaxerxes III. He then continued south towards the Peloponnese. Alexander has figured in both high and popular culture beginning in his own era to the present day. [106], A plot against his life was revealed, and one of his officers, Philotas, was executed for failing to alert Alexander. Alexander was born in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon, on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC, although the exact date is uncertain. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Ganges also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. Even by Macedonian standards he was very short, though stocky and tough. When Onesicritus read this passage to his patron, Alexander's general and later King Lysimachus reportedly quipped, "I wonder where I was at the time. Macedon is too small for you", and bought the horse for him. Several examples of capitals displaying Ionic influences can be seen as far as Patna, especially with the Pataliputra capital, dated to the 3rd century BC. [136] Alexander admired Cyrus the Great, from an early age reading Xenophon's Cyropaedia, which described Cyrus's heroism in battle and governance as a king and legislator. According to Diodorus, Alexander's last plans called for military expansion into the southern and western Mediterranean, monumental constructions, and the intermixing of Eastern and Western populations. [263] Alexander was used by these writers as an example of ruler values such as amicita (friendship) and clementia (clemency), but also iracundia (anger) and cupiditas gloriae (over-desire for glory). "[241] This inscription is one of the few independent archaeological discoveries confirming an episode from Alexander's life. Alexander III of Macedon (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Γʹ ὁ Μακεδών, Aléxandros III ho Makedȏn; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: ὁ Μέγας, ho Mégas), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon[a] and a member of the Argead dynasty. In 336 he sent Parmenion, with Amyntas, Andromenes and Attalus, and an army of 10,000 men into Anatolia to make preparations for an invasion. [192], Alexander's legacy extended beyond his military conquests. [253] On the Silk Road trade routes, Hellenistic culture hybridized with Iranian and Buddhist cultures. [118] Alexander was impressed by Porus' bravery, and made him an ally. [82] During his stay in Egypt, he founded Alexandria-by-Egypt, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic Kingdom after his death. Macedonian losses were negligible compared to those of the Persians. In the years following his death, a series of civil wars tore his empire apart, resulting in the establishment of several states ruled by the Diadochi, Alexander's surviving generals and heirs. [157], Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was filled with honey, which was in turn placed in a gold casket. In the end, Philip chose Aristotle and provided the Temple of the Nymphs at Mieza as a classroom. With these victories, he secured his northern frontier. [251] Furthermore, town planning, education, local government, and art current in the Hellenistic period were all based on Classical Greek ideals, evolving into distinct new forms commonly grouped as Hellenistic. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; all unstructured text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. ", "Alexander the Great poisoned by the River Styx", "Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis", "The Location of the Tomb: Facts and Speculation", "The Aftermath: The Burial of Alexander the Great", "Greeks captivated by Alexander-era tomb at Amphipolis", "Archaeologist claims opulent grave in Greece honored Alexander the Great's best friend", "Hephaestion's Monogram Found at Amphipolis Tomb", "Plutarch, Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata, Ἀλέξανδρος", "Plutarch, De Alexandri magni fortuna aut virtute, chapter 2, section 4", "CNG: eAuction 430. Philip was then named Hegemon (often translated as "Supreme Commander") of this league (known by modern scholars as the League of Corinth), and announced his plans to attack the Persian Empire. [79], Alexander advanced on Egypt in later 332 BC, where he was regarded as a liberator. +43 676 48 11 105 • +43 676 79 31 662 office@tanzschule-zaglmaier.at However, the memorial was found to be dedicated to the dearest friend of Alexander the Great, Hephaestion. His son and successor, Caracalla, a great admirer, visited the tomb during his own reign. ", In 337 BC, Alexander fled Macedon with his mother, dropping her off with her brother, King Alexander I of Epirus in Dodona, capital of the Molossians. It was originally thought to have been the sarcophagus of Abdalonymus (died 311 BC), the king of Sidon appointed by Alexander immediately following the battle of Issus in 331. [164], While Alexander's funeral cortege was on its way to Macedon, Ptolemy seized it and took it temporarily to Memphis. His official historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, was implicated in the plot, and in the Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian states that Callisthenes and the pages were then tortured on the rack as punishment, and likely died soon after. [273], Alexander the Great's accomplishments and legacy have been depicted in many cultures. [15] Alexander was raised in the manner of noble Macedonian youths, learning to read, play the lyre, ride, fight, and hunt. [189] At the decisive encounter with Darius at Gaugamela, Darius equipped his chariots with scythes on the wheels to break up the phalanx and equipped his cavalry with pikes. [212] Alexander adopted elements of Persian dress and customs at court, notably proskynesis, a practice of which Macedonians disapproved, and were loath to perform. Ernst Badian argued that they were exaggerated by Perdiccas in order to ensure that the Macedonian troops voted not to carry them out. [274] One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who would grasp a ship's prow during a storm and ask the captain "Is King Alexander alive?" [187] Alexander placed the phalanx at the center and cavalry and archers on the wings, so that his line matched the length of the Persian cavalry line, about 3 km (1.86 mi). Moreover, that a very pleasant odour exhaled from his skin and that there was a fragrance about his mouth and all his flesh, so that his garments were filled with it, this we have read in the Memoirs of Aristoxenus. [266][267], Arrian wrote that Aristobulus said that the Icarus island (modern Failaka Island) in the Persian Gulf had this name because Alexander ordered the island to be named like this, after the Icarus island in the Aegean Sea. [7], Alexander was born in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon,[8] on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC, although the exact date is uncertain. [192] While Alexander worried that his father would leave him "no great or brilliant achievement to be displayed to the world",[200] he also downplayed his father's achievements to his companions. In the spring of 335 BC, he advanced to suppress several revolts. After that victory he was sent by Alexander in pursuit of Porus (Indian name Puru), to whom he was charged to offer favourable terms, but narrowly escaped losing his life at the hands of his old enemy. [116] A fierce contest ensued with the Aspasioi in which Alexander was wounded in the shoulder by a dart, but eventually the Aspasioi lost. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 [189] In India, confronted by Porus' elephant corps, the Macedonians opened their ranks to envelop the elephants and used their sarissas to strike upwards and dislodge the elephants' handlers.[135]. Aristotle taught Alexander and his companions about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art. This page was last edited on 2 November 2020, at 11:23. [241] The temple was designed by Pytheos, one of the architects of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. [212] He began to identify himself as the son of Zeus-Ammon. King of Macedonia and Hegemon (leader) of the Hellenic League (a confederation of Greek states). During his youth, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until age 16. [148] Olympias always insisted to him that he was the son of Zeus,[211] a theory apparently confirmed to him by the oracle of Amun at Siwa. By N. G. L. Hammond, F. W. Walbank, p. xl, Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, J, Woronoff & I. Spence, Peter Turchin, Thomas D. Hall and Jonathan M. Adams, ", Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), encounter between Alexander and Diogenes the Cynic, Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia, Personal relationships of Alexander the Great, List of cities founded by Alexander the Great, Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great, Chronology of European exploration of Asia, Hypotheses about the identity of Dhu al-Qarnayn, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, "Guardian on Time Magazine's 100 personalities of all time", "Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, section 160", "Harpocration, Valerius, Lexicon in decem oratores Atticos, λεττερ μ, ΜΑΡΓΙΤΗΣ", "Basil, Saint, Bishop of Caesarea, De legendis gentilium libris, chapter 8", "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Anabasis of Alexander, by Arrian", contemporary Babylonian account of the battle of Gaugamela, "The Anabasis of Alexander; or, The history of the wars and conquests of Alexander the Great. [262], On the other hand, some Roman writers, particularly Republican figures, used Alexander as a cautionary tale of how autocratic tendencies can be kept in check by republican values. )", East-West Orientation of Historical Empires, "Pausanias, Description of Greece, *korinqiaka/, chapter 1, section 5", "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK V. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED., CHAP. [59], After an initial victory against Persian forces at the Battle of the Granicus, Alexander accepted the surrender of the Persian provincial capital and treasury of Sardis; he then proceeded along the Ionian coast, granting autonomy and democracy to the cities. [4][5] In 334 BC, he invaded the Achaemenid Empire (Persian Empire) and began a series of campaigns that lasted 10 years. This would fit with the intended destination of Alexander's funeral cortege. [101], Alexander viewed Bessus as a usurper and set out to defeat him. During the ensuing Battle of Chaeronea, Philip commanded the right wing and Alexander the left, accompanied by a group of Philip's trusted generals. Alexander III 'the Great'. He was undefeated in battle and became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves. Alexander also ordered the murder of Attalus,[48] who was in command of the advance guard of the army in Asia Minor and Cleopatra's uncle. [129] Alexander reached Susa in 324 BC, but not before losing many men to the harsh desert. [158] Other illnesses fit the symptoms, including acute pancreatitis and West Nile virus. [270] His court historian Callisthenes portrayed the sea in Cilicia as drawing back from him in proskynesis. The Greek cities on the western coast of Anatolia revolted until the news arrived that Philip had been murdered and had been succeeded by his young son Alexander. [182] Other scholars have proposed that they were invented by later authors within the tradition of the Alexander Romance. Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's pan-Hellenic project to lead the Greeks in the conquest of Persia. [74] Philip then returned to Elatea, sending a final offer of peace to Athens and Thebes, who both rejected it. [88] Alexander stayed in Persepolis for five months. Ptolemy IX Lathyros, one of Ptolemy's final successors, replaced Alexander's sarcophagus with a glass one so he could convert the original to coinage. In popular culture, the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden included a song titled "Alexander the Great" on their 1986 album Somewhere in Time. He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypt. [29], Philip and his army joined his son in 338 BC, and they marched south through Thermopylae, taking it after stubborn resistance from its Theban garrison. British historian Peter Green provided a description of Alexander's appearance, based on his review of statues and some ancient documents: Physically, Alexander was not prepossessing. Still occupied in Thrace, he ordered Alexander to muster an army for a campaign in southern Greece.